From: Pandemic and post-pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) infection in critically ill patients
Variable | Pandemic period N = 648 | Post-pandemic period N = 349 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Risk factor | Alive (n = 507) | Death (n = 141) | P- value | Alive (n = 244) | Death (n = 105) | P-v alue |
SOFA | 4.9 (3.0) | 8.4 (4.3) | <0.001 | 5.1 (3.5) | 8.6 (4.1) | <0.001 |
APACHE | 12.53 (6.1) | 19.69 (8.3) | <0.001 | 14.11 (6.1) | 21.2 (8.5) | <0.001 |
Demographics | ||||||
Age. Mean (SD) | 43.72 (14.0) | 48.4 (16.3) | <0.001 | 49.0 (14.1) | 52.0 (14.3) | 0.07 |
Male sex | 285 (56.2) | 89 (63.1) | 0.14 | 162 (66.4) | 75 (71.4) | 0.35 |
Comorbidities | ||||||
≥1 underlying medical conditions | 353 (69.6) | 112 (79.4) | 0.02 | 177 (72.5) | 81 (77.1) | 0.3 |
COPD | 87 (17.2) | 21(14.9) | 0.52 | 52 (21.3) | 26 (24.8) | 0.47 |
Asthma | 69 (13.6) | 12 (8.5) | 0.105 | 23 (9.4) | 5 (4.8) | 0.14 |
Chronic heart failure | 31(6.1) | 16(11.3) | 0.03 | 23(9.4) | 13(12.4) | 0.41 |
Chronic renal disease | 19 (3.7) | 14 (9.9) | 0.003 | 18 (7.4) | 12 (11.4) | 0.21 |
Diabetes mellitus | 62 (12.2) | 20 (14.2) | 0.53 | 41(16.8) | 14 (13.3) | 0.41 |
Obesity | 104 (20.5) | 34 (24.1) | 0.35 | 50 (20.5) | 14 (13.3) | 0.11 |
Autoimmune disease | 13 (2.6) | 8 (5.7) | 0.06 | 7 (2.9) | 7 (6.7) | 0.09 |
Hematologic disease | 19 (3.7) | 21 (14.9) | <0.001 | 14 (5.7) | 23 (21.9) | <0.001 |
Neuromuscular disease | 18 (3.6) | 6 (4.3) | 0.69 | 2 (0.8) | 2 (1.9) | 0.38 |
HIV infection | 9 (1.8) | 4 (2.8) | 0.42 | 2 (0.8) | 11 (10.5) | <0.001 |
Pregnancy | 24 (4.7) | 7 (5) | 0.9 | 11 (4.5) | 2 (1.9) | 0.2 |
Vaccination | 13 (5.3) | 6 (5.7) | 0.8 | |||
Clinical presentation | ||||||
Viral pneumonia | 355 (70) | 96 (68.1) | 0.6 | 164 (67.2) | 73 (69.5) | 0.6 |
COPD exacerbation | 31 (6.1) | 5 (3.5) | 0.2 | 21 (8.6) | 3 (2.9) | 0.05 |
Community acquired respiratory co-infection | 74 (14.6) | 33 (23.4) | 0.01 | 38 (15.6) | 31 (29.5) | 0.003 |
Complications | ||||||
Septic shock | 190 (37.5) | 104 (73.8) | <0.001 | 106 (43.4) | 84 (80) | <0.001 |
MODS | 282 (55.6) | 123 (87.2) | <0.001 | 111 (45.5) | 88 (83.8) | <0.001 |
Acute kidney injury | 69 13.6) | 61 (43.3) | <0.001 | 43 (17.6) | 52 (49.5) | <0.001 |
Therapy administered | ||||||
Empirical oseltamivir | 497(99.6) | 134 (97.1) | 0.002 | 238 (97.9) | 101 (96.2) | 0.1 |
Continuous renal replacement therapy | 15 (3.0) | 38 (27.0) | <0.001 | 12 (4.9) | 33 (31.4) | <0.001 |
Mechanical ventilation | 327 (64.5) | 138 (97.9) | <0.001 | 181 (74.2) | 101 (96.2) | <0.001 |
Invasive mechanical ventilation | 263(51.9) | 135(95.7) | <0.001 | 135(55.3) | 98(93.3) | <0.001 |
Non-invasive mechanical ventilation | 125(24.7) | 38(27.3) | 0.5 | 86(35.7) | 29(27.6) | 0.1 |