Development and implementation of a performance improvement project in adult intensive care units: overview of the Improving Medicine Through Pathway Assessment of Critical Therapy in Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (IMPACT-HAP) study

Table 1 Baseline demographics and severity of illness in patients with HAP, VAP, and HCAP in the ICU, stratified by enrollment period

Characteristic	Number/number evaluable (%), unless otherwise indicated		P- value
	Pre-implementation ( n = 274)	Post-implementation ( n = 158)
Age in years, mean ± SD	57.1 ± 17.1	59.4 ± 16.8	0.20
Age <65 years	167/257 (65.0)	89/151 (58.9)	0.22
Male gender	173/257 (67.3)	93/151 (61.6)	0.24
Race			0.04
White	169/257 (65.8)	87/151 (57.6)
Black	79/257 (30.7)	50/151 (33.1)
Other	9/257 (3.5)	14/151 (9.3)
Weight in pounds, mean ± SD	182.7 ± 62.8	180.0 ± 65.5	0.68
Comorbid conditions
Respiratory	58/255 (22.8)	32/150 (21.3)	0.74
Renal	38/253 (15.0)	37/151 (24.5)	0.02
Cardiac	52/255 (20.4)	36/151 (23.8)	0.42
Malignancy	41/256 (16.0)	20/150 (13.3)	0.47
Immunosuppression^a	93/257 (36.2)	65/151 (43.0)	0.17
Severity of illness scores
APACHE II score, mean ± SD	20.1 ± 7.0	21.6 ± 7.7	0.03
CPIS, mean ± SD	6.2 ± 1.9	6.3 ± 1.7	0.59
Presence of severe sepsis	206/274 (75.2)	127/157 (80.9)	0.17
Risk factor for multidrug resistant pathogen^b
Any	238/257 (92.6)	148/151 (98.0)	0.02
Antibiotic within 30 days	154/236 (65.3)	90/148 (60.8)	0.55
Hospitalized ≥5 days before HAP antibiotics	166/238 (69.8)	79/148 (53.4)	0.001
Hospitalized ≥2 days within 90 days	92/238 (38.7)	81/148 (54.7)	0.01
Residence in nursing home or extended care	35/238 (14.7)	33/147 (22.5)	0.02
Chronic dialysis within 30 days	13/238 (5.5)	11/145 (7.6)	0.05

APACHE II, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II; CPIS, Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score; SD, Standard Deviation.
^a Immunosuppression, active malignancy; AIDS; end-stage renal, liver, or lung disease; steroids (prednisone ≥10 mg for >7 days); or active chemotherapy or radiotherapy within 30 days. ^b The three most common risk factors and those with significant between-group differences are listed.

ISSN: 1364-8535