Table 1 Mechanisms of resistance in classes of antibiotics used to treat resistant pathogens
From: Antibiotic strategies in the era of multidrug resistance
Permeability [55] | Enzymatic destruction | Altered binding sites | Efflux [57] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
β-lactams [32] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
β-lactamases | Penicillin-binding proteins | |||
Fluoroquinolones [56] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Alterations in DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV | ||||
Protection by plasmid-mediated Qnr protein | ||||
Aminoglycosides [58] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Adenolyating and acetylating enzymes | 30S ribosomal subunit | |||
Tetracyclines [59] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Modification enzymes | 70S ribosomal subunit |