From: Shock subtypes by left ventricular ejection fraction following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
Patient characteristic | LVEF > 40% (n = 78) | LVEF ≤ 40% (n = 84) | p value | Initial LVEF unknowna (n = 73) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 63 ± 15 | 64 ± 15 | 0.73 | 64 ± 20 |
Female | 26 (33%) | 20 (24%) | 0.22 | 27 (37%) |
Prior medical history | ||||
 Coronary disease | 18 (23%) | 34 (40%) | 0.02 | 18 (25%)b |
 Congestive heart failure | 12 (15%) | 34 (40%) | < 0.01 | 17 (23%)b |
 Chronic pulmonary disease | 12 (15%) | 11 (13%) | 0.82 | 17 (23%) |
Arrest characteristics | ||||
 Witnessed arrest | 56 (72%) | 68 (81%) | 0.20 | 48 (66%)b |
 Bystander CPR | 41 (53%) | 50 (60%) | 0.43 | 37 (51%) |
 Time from collapse to CPR initiation (min) | 2 (1–7) | 2 (0–6) | 0.97 | 2 (0–5) |
 Duration of CPR before sustained ROSC (min) | 15 (10–38) | 18 (9–30) | 0.65 | 20 (11.5–42) |
 Initial rhythm VT/ VF | 25 (32%) | 61 (73%) | < 0.01 | 22 (30%)b,c |
 Comatose after ROSC | 72 (92%) | 80 (95%) | 0.52 | 68 (93%) |
 Therapeutic hypothermia after ROSC | 59 (76%) | 75 (89%) | 0.02 | 51 (70%)b,c |
Markers of cardiac injury | ||||
 Peak troponin in first 24 h (ng/ml) | 0.3 (0.1–1.0) | 0.9 (0.3–2.7) | < 0.01 | 0.3 (0.1–0.9)b,c |
 ST-elevation myocardial infarction | 8 (10%) | 23 (27%) | .01 | 6 (8%)b,c |
 Coronary angiography during hospitalization | 18 (23%) | 45 (54%) | < 0.01 | 13 (18%)c |
 Coronary stent placed during hospitalization | 7 (9%) | 20 (24%) | 0.01 | 6 (8%)b |
 Intraaortic balloon pump during hospitalization | 3 (4%) | 14 (17%) | < 0.01 | 6 (8%) |
 LVEF (%) within ≤ 1 day after arrest | 59 ± 10 | 26 ± 9 | < 0.01 | N/A |
Markers of systemic illness severity | ||||
 APACHE II score | 35 ± 6 | 36 ± 6 | 0.09 | 35 ± 7 |
 SOFA on day 1 | 12 ± 3 | 12 ± 3 | 0.67 | 12 ± 3 |
 Number of organ failures on day 1d | 3 ± 1 | 3 ± 1 | 0.97 | 3 ± 1 |
 Initial vasopressor dose, norepinephrine equivalent (μg/min) | 7.5 (2.5–20.1) | 10.1 (2.6–21.5) | 0.45 | 10.4 (3.5–21.7) |
 Initial lactate (mmol/L) | 5.8 ± 4.7 | 4.1 ± 2.8 | 0.01 | 6.6 ± 5.2b,c |
 Peak lactate in first 24 h (mmol/L) | 5.9 ± 4.7 | 4.6 ± 3.1 | 0.04 | 7.6 ± 6.1b,c |
Initial respiratory characteristics | ||||
 Tidal volume (ml/kg PBW) | 8.0 ± 1.9 | 8.1 ± 1.8 | 0.79 | 8.0 ± 1.3 |
 PEEP (cmH2O) | 5 (5–8) | 5 (5–10) | 0.14 | 5 (5–5)b,c |
 Peak inspiratory pressure (cmH2O) | 27 ± 8 | 26 ± 8 | 0.75 | 27 ± 9 |
 FiO2 | 100 (80–100) | 100 (60–100) | 0.40 | 100 (60–100) |
 pH | 7.22 ± 0.19 | 7.23 ± 0.15 | 0.53 | 7.18 ± 0.20 |
 PaCO2 (mmHg) | 44 (39–62) | 47 (37–56) | 0.66 | 45 (37–57.5) |
 PaO2 (mmHg) | 212 ± 128 | 202 ± 130 | 0.62 | 229 ± 167 |
 PaO2:FiO2 | 237 ± 141 | 237 ± 148 | 0.99 | 258 ± 174 |
Volume resuscitation in first 6 h (L) | 2.9 ± 1.8 | 2.7 ± 1.7 | 0.50 | 2.9 ± 2.0 |
Volume challenge ≥ 30 ml/kg in first 6 h | 42 (54%) | 41 (49%) | 0.53 | 37 (51%) |
Volume resuscitation in first 24 h (L) | 6.1 ± 3.5 | 5.6 ± 3.1 | 0.34 | 6.0 ± 3.0 |