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Table 1 Baseline characteristics for patients in shock according to LVEF assessed within 1 day after arrest

From: Shock subtypes by left ventricular ejection fraction following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

Patient characteristic

LVEF > 40% (n = 78)

LVEF ≤ 40% (n = 84)

p value

Initial LVEF unknowna (n = 73)

Age (years)

63 ± 15

64 ± 15

0.73

64 ± 20

Female

26 (33%)

20 (24%)

0.22

27 (37%)

Prior medical history

 Coronary disease

18 (23%)

34 (40%)

0.02

18 (25%)b

 Congestive heart failure

12 (15%)

34 (40%)

< 0.01

17 (23%)b

 Chronic pulmonary disease

12 (15%)

11 (13%)

0.82

17 (23%)

Arrest characteristics

 Witnessed arrest

56 (72%)

68 (81%)

0.20

48 (66%)b

 Bystander CPR

41 (53%)

50 (60%)

0.43

37 (51%)

 Time from collapse to CPR initiation (min)

2 (1–7)

2 (0–6)

0.97

2 (0–5)

 Duration of CPR before sustained ROSC (min)

15 (10–38)

18 (9–30)

0.65

20 (11.5–42)

 Initial rhythm VT/ VF

25 (32%)

61 (73%)

< 0.01

22 (30%)b,c

 Comatose after ROSC

72 (92%)

80 (95%)

0.52

68 (93%)

 Therapeutic hypothermia after ROSC

59 (76%)

75 (89%)

0.02

51 (70%)b,c

Markers of cardiac injury

 Peak troponin in first 24 h (ng/ml)

0.3 (0.1–1.0)

0.9 (0.3–2.7)

< 0.01

0.3 (0.1–0.9)b,c

 ST-elevation myocardial infarction

8 (10%)

23 (27%)

.01

6 (8%)b,c

 Coronary angiography during hospitalization

18 (23%)

45 (54%)

< 0.01

13 (18%)c

 Coronary stent placed during hospitalization

7 (9%)

20 (24%)

0.01

6 (8%)b

 Intraaortic balloon pump during hospitalization

3 (4%)

14 (17%)

< 0.01

6 (8%)

 LVEF (%) within ≤ 1 day after arrest

59 ± 10

26 ± 9

< 0.01

N/A

Markers of systemic illness severity

 APACHE II score

35 ± 6

36 ± 6

0.09

35 ± 7

 SOFA on day 1

12 ± 3

12 ± 3

0.67

12 ± 3

 Number of organ failures on day 1d

3 ± 1

3 ± 1

0.97

3 ± 1

 Initial vasopressor dose, norepinephrine equivalent (μg/min)

7.5 (2.5–20.1)

10.1 (2.6–21.5)

0.45

10.4 (3.5–21.7)

 Initial lactate (mmol/L)

5.8 ± 4.7

4.1 ± 2.8

0.01

6.6 ± 5.2b,c

 Peak lactate in first 24 h (mmol/L)

5.9 ± 4.7

4.6 ± 3.1

0.04

7.6 ± 6.1b,c

Initial respiratory characteristics

 Tidal volume (ml/kg PBW)

8.0 ± 1.9

8.1 ± 1.8

0.79

8.0 ± 1.3

 PEEP (cmH2O)

5 (5–8)

5 (5–10)

0.14

5 (5–5)b,c

 Peak inspiratory pressure (cmH2O)

27 ± 8

26 ± 8

0.75

27 ± 9

 FiO2

100 (80–100)

100 (60–100)

0.40

100 (60–100)

 pH

7.22 ± 0.19

7.23 ± 0.15

0.53

7.18 ± 0.20

 PaCO2 (mmHg)

44 (39–62)

47 (37–56)

0.66

45 (37–57.5)

 PaO2 (mmHg)

212 ± 128

202 ± 130

0.62

229 ± 167

 PaO2:FiO2

237 ± 141

237 ± 148

0.99

258 ± 174

Volume resuscitation in first 6 h (L)

2.9 ± 1.8

2.7 ± 1.7

0.50

2.9 ± 2.0

Volume challenge ≥ 30 ml/kg in first 6 h

42 (54%)

41 (49%)

0.53

37 (51%)

Volume resuscitation in first 24 h (L)

6.1 ± 3.5

5.6 ± 3.1

0.34

6.0 ± 3.0

  1. Descriptive statistics shown as mean ± standard deviation, median (interquartile range), or number (%) and compared with t, Wilcoxon rank-sum, or chi-square tests as appropriate
  2. LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation, ROSC return of spontaneous circulation, VT ventricular tachycardia, VF ventricular fibrillation, N/A not applicable, APACHE II Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II, SOFA sequential organ failure assessment score, PBW predicted body weight, PEEP positive end-expiratory pressure, FiO 2  fraction of inspired oxygen, PaCO 2 partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood, PaO 2 partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood
  3. aLVEF not assessed within ≤ 1 day post arrest, including 42 patients in whom LVEF was never assessed during admission and 31 patients in whom assessment occurred > 1 day after arrest
  4. bp < 0.05 compared to patients with LVEF ≤ 40%. No values differed significantly compared to patients with LVEF > 40%
  5. cp < 0.05 compared to all included patients with LVEF assessment within ≤ 1 day post arrest
  6. dCardiovascular failure defined as systolic blood pressure ≤ 90 mmHg or any vasopressor use. Respiratory failure defined by invasive mechanical ventilation. Coagulation, renal, and hepatic organ failures defined according to Brussels multiple organ dysfunction criteria