Parameter | Class I | Class II (mild) | Class III (moderate) | Class IV (severe) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Approximate blood loss | < 15% | 15–30% | 31–40% | > 40% |
Heart rate | ↔ | ↔ / ↑ | ↑ | ↑ / ↑↑ |
Blood pressure | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ / ↓ | ↓ |
Pulse pressure | ↔ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ |
Respiratory rate | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ / ↑ | ↑ |
Urine output | ↔ | ↔ | ↓ | ↓↓ |
Glasgow Coma Scale score | ↔ | ↔ | ↓ | ↓ |
Base deficit* | 0 to − 2 mEq/L | – 2 to −6 mEq/L | – 6 to −10 mEq/L | – 10 mEq/L or less |
Need for blood products | Monitor | Possible | Yes | Massive transfusion protocol |