Table 1 Differences in characteristics between COVID-19 patients on ECLS with and without myocarditis
Variable, n (%) | Alla (n = 4792) | Myocarditisa (n = 88) | No myocarditisa (n = 4704) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years)b | Â | 49.2 (11.5) | 47.6 (13.7) | 49.2 (11.4) | 0.187 |
Sex | Female | 1305 (27.2) | 31 (35.2) | 1274 (27.1) | 0.092 |
Male | 3487 (72.8) | 57 (64.8) | 3430 (72.9) | Â | |
Charlson comorbidity index (CCI)b | Â | 0.4 (0.8) | 0.6 (0.8) | 0.4 (0.8) | 0.024 |
SAVE scoreb |  | − 6.7 (3.2) | − 5.2 (3.5) | − 6.7 (3.2) | 0.001 |
Inotropes prior to ECLS | No | 4643 (96.9) | 62 (70.5) | 4581 (97.4) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 149 (3.1) | 26 (29.5) | 123 (2.6) | Â | |
Vasopressors prior to ECLS | No | 1975 (41.2) | 15 (17) | 1960 (41.7) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 2817 (58.8) | 73 (83) | 2744 (58.3) | Â | |
Medical conditions | |||||
 Asthma | No | 4279 (89.3) | 79 (89.8) | 4200 (89.3) | 1 |
Yes | 513 (10.7) | 9 (10.2) | 504 (10.7) | Â | |
 Obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2) | No | 2309 (48.2) | 57 (64.8) | 2252 (47.9) | 0.002 |
Yes | 2483 (51.8) | 31 (35.2) | 2452 (52.1) | Â | |
 Diabetes | No | 3349 (69.9) | 67 (76.1) | 3282 (69.8) | 0.241 |
Yes | 1443 (30.1) | 21 (23.9) | 1422 (30.2) | Â | |
 Chronic lung disease | No | 4596 (95.9) | 82 (93.2) | 4514 (96) | 0.174 |
Yes | 196 (4.1) | 6 (6.8) | 190 (4) | Â | |
 Immunocompromised | No | 4598 (96) | 81 (92) | 4517 (96) | 0.09 |
Yes | 194 (4) | 7 (8) | 187 (4) | Â | |
 Cancer | No | 4705 (98.2) | 84 (95.5) | 4621 (98.2) | 0.075 |
Yes | 87 (1.8) | 4 (4.5) | 83 (1.8) | Â | |
 Chronic heart disease | No | 4588 (95.7) | 79 (89.8) | 4509 (95.9) | 0.012 |
Yes | 204 (4.3) | 9 (10.2) | 195 (4.1) | Â | |
 Chronic renal insufficiency | No | 4640 (96.8) | 84 (95.5) | 4556 (96.9) | 0.362 |
Yes | 152 (3.2) | 4 (4.5) | 148 (3.1) | Â | |
 Pregnancy | No | 4683 (97.7) | 87 (98.9) | 4596 (97.7) | 0.724 |
Yes | 109 (2.3) | 1 (1.1) | 108 (2.3) | Â | |
 Frailty | No | 4759 (99.3) | 87 (98.9) | 4672 (99.3) | 0.459 |
Yes | 33 (0.7) | 1 (1.1) | 32 (0.7) | Â | |
Physiologic values prior to ECLSb | |||||
 C-reactive protein |  | 124.4 (139) | 107.2 (129.3) | 124.7 (139.2) | 0.414 |
 pH |  | 7.3 (0.1) | 7.3 (0.1) | 7.3 (0.1) | 0.588 |
 PaCO2 (mmHg) |  | 65.5 (26.4) | 45.2 (15.8) | 65.9 (26.5) | < 0.001 |
 PaO2 (mmHg) |  | 79.9 (66.4) | 94.1 (63.7) | 79.7 (66.5) | 0.078 |
 Serum bicarbonate |  | 28.3 (7.1) | 21.5 (8.2) | 28.4 (7) | < 0.001 |
 Arterial saturation (%) |  | 88.4 (9.6) | 90.9 (9.1) | 88.4 (9.6) | 0.04 |
 Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) |  | 118.6 (24.7) | 101 (28.7) | 118.9 (24.5) | < 0.001 |
 Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) |  | 63.7 (13.2) | 58.4 (12.6) | 63.7 (13.2) | 0.001 |
 Arterial pulse pressure (SBP-DBP) |  | 54.9 (19.3) | 42.5 (20.8) | 55.2 (19.2) | < 0.001 |
Administered medications | |||||
 Systemic steroids | No | 1398 (29.2) | 31 (35.2) | 1367 (29.1) | 0.236 |
Yes | 3394 (70.8) | 57 (64.8) | 3337 (70.9) | Â | |
 Remdesivir | No | 2555 (53.3) | 58 (65.9) | 2497 (53.1) | 0.018 |
Yes | 2237 (46.7) | 30 (34.1) | 2207 (46.9) | Â | |
 Convalescent plasma | No | 3362 (70.2) | 74 (84.1) | 3288 (69.9) | 0.003 |
Yes | 1430 (29.8) | 14 (15.9) | 1416 (30.1) | Â | |
 Chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine | No | 4028 (84.1) | 70 (79.5) | 3958 (84.1) | 0.24 |
Yes | 764 (15.9) | 18 (20.5) | 746 (15.9) | Â | |
 Selective cytokine blockade (anakinra or tocilizumab) | No | 3917 (81.7) | 70 (79.5) | 3847 (81.8) | 0.578 |
Yes | 875 (18.3) | 18 (20.5) | 857 (18.2) | Â | |
 JAK inhibition | No | 4769 (99.5) | 87 (98.9) | 4682 (99.5) | 0.348 |
Yes | 23 (0.5) | 1 (1.1) | 22 (0.5) | Â | |
 Intravenous immunoglobulin | No | 4708 (98.2) | 81 (92) | 4627 (98.4) | 0.001 |
Yes | 84 (1.8) | 7 (8) | 77 (1.6) | Â | |
ECLS support type | |||||
 Cardiac |  | 175 (3.7) | 47 (53.4) | 128 (2.7) | < 0.001 |
 ECPR |  | 51 (1.1) | 4 (4.5) | 47 (1) |  |
 Pulmonary |  | 4566 (95.3) | 37 (42) | 4529 (96.3) |  |
First ECLS support type | |||||
 Other |  | 10 (0.2) | 1 (1.1) | 9 (0.2) | < 0.001 |
 VenoArterial |  | 234 (4.9) | 46 (52.3) | 188 (4) |  |
 VenoPulmonary |  | 44 (0.9) | 0 (0) | 44 (0.9) |  |
 VenoVeno |  | 4466 (93.2) | 32 (36.4) | 4434 (94.3) |  |
 VenoVenoArterial |  | 38 (0.8) | 9 (10.2) | 29 (0.6) |  |
Survived | No | 2551 (53.2) | 45 (51.1) | 2506 (53.3) | 0.747 |
Yes | 2241 (46.8) | 43 (48.9) | 2198 (46.7) | Â | |