Figure 5
From: Using heart-lung interactions to assess fluid responsiveness during mechanical ventilation
Respiratory changes in airway and arterial pressures in a mechanically ventilated patient. The pulse pressure (systolic minus diastolic pressure) is maximal (PPmax) at the end of the inspiratory period and minimal (PPmin) three heart beats later (ie during the expiratory period). The respiratory changes in pulse pressure (ΔPP) are calculated as the difference between PPmax and PPmin, divided by the mean of the two values, and expressed as a percentage (see text for details). Adapted with permission [33].