Variable | No catheter or fluid | Catheter alone | Catheter and fluid |
---|---|---|---|
Number (%) | 948 (70) | 90 (7) | 312 (23) |
Age, mean (SD) years | 71 (15) | 73 (13) | 68 (16) |
Male, number (%) | 409 (43) | 45 (51) | 145 (47) |
Prehospital location, number (%) | Â | Â | Â |
 Nursing home | 65 (7) | 4 (4) | 17 (5) |
 Medical facility | 143 (15) | 16 (18) | 59 (19) |
 Home | 676 (71) | 67 (74) | 212 (68) |
Paramedic diagnostic category, number (%) | Â | Â | Â |
 Cardiovascular | 53 (5) | 23 (26) | 65 (21) |
 Respiratory | 194 (20) | 46 (51) | 104 (33) |
 Neurological | 131 (14) | 6 (7) | 29 (9) |
EMS severity index, number (%)a | Â | Â | Â |
 Life-threatening | 3 (2) | 24 (27) | 108 (35) |
 Urgent | 49 (33) | 57 (64) | 173 (56) |
 Non-urgent | 95 (64) | 8 (9) | 30 (10) |
Prehospital critical illness score, mean (SD) | 1.72 (0.93) | 3.1 (0.89) | 3.2 (0.90) |
Prehospital intervals, mean (SD) minutes | Â | Â | Â |
 Response to scene | 6.3 (3.2) | 7.0 (4.3) | 6.3 (3.4) |
 Arrived at scene to cleared scene | 25.8 (11.3) | 42.9 (18.6) | 45.4 (18.8) |
 Cleared scene to hospital | 14.0 (10.2) | 9.2 (4.2) | 10.6 (6.6) |
Prehospital vital signs | Â | Â | Â |
 Systolic blood pressure ≤110 mmHg, number (%) | 288 (30) | 15 (16) | 155 (50) |
 Systolic blood pressure, mmHg mean (SD) | 124 (34) | 147 (43) | 117 (48) |
 Respiratory rate, breaths per min, mean (SD) | 21 (7) | 29 (11) | 25 (12) |
 Heart rate, beats per minute, mean (SD) | 93 (22) | 103 (30) | 103 (31) |
 Glasgow Coma Scale score, mean (SD) | 13.6 (2.8) | 12.4 (4.2) | 11.1 (4.5) |
Prehospital interventions, number (%) | Â | Â | Â |
 Intubation | 1 (<1) | 34 (38) | 117 (38) |
 Bag valve mask ventilation | 4 (<1) | 33 (37) | 104 (33) |
 EKG monitoring | 147 (16) | 88 (98) | 307 (98) |
 Supplemental oxygen | 394 (42) | 90 (100) | 311 (100) |
Transport from scene, number (%) | Â | Â | Â |
 Advanced life support | 30 (3) | 83 (92) | 262 (86) |
 Basic life support | 80 (9) | 0 (0) | 4 (1) |
 Private ambulance | 799 (88) | 7 (8) | 39 (13) |
Outcomes, number (%) | Â | Â | Â |
 Organ failures present, mean (SD) | 1.4 (0.9) | 1.8 (1.2) | 2.1 (1.4) |
 ICU admission | 405 (43) | 64 (71) | 243 (78) |
 Hospital mortality | 120 (13) | 14 (16) | 71 (23) |