Proton pump inhibitors increase the risk for hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile infection in critically ill patients

Table 1 Demographics

Variable	All patients
Variable	(n = 408)
Age	69 ± 15
Gender (% male)	56% (229)
ICU type
Cardiac/Cardiothoracic	51% (207)
Medical	44% (180)
Surgical	5% (21)
Classification of primary diagnosis
Cardiovascular	24% (98)
Infection	23% (92)
Gastrointestinal	14% (56)
Respiratory	12% (50)
Neurologic	9% (36)
Cancer	6% (26)
Trauma	5% (20)
Renal	2% (10)
Venous thromboembolism	1% (6)
Miscellaneous	3% (14)
SOFA	6 (0 – 18)
Mechanical ventilation	73% (296)
Immunosuppression	30% (121)
Long PPI exposure (2 or more days)	78% (319)
PPI duration (days)	7 (0 – 96)
H2RA use	34% (138)
Long H2RA exposure (2 or more days)	28% (116)
H2RA duration (days)	0 (0 – 62)
Antibiotic use	90% (368)
Total number of antibiotics received	2 (0 – 8)
Study duration (days)	10 (2 – 99)

Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation, median (range) or % (n). ICU, intensive care unit; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; PPI, proton pump inhibitor; H2RA, histamine-2-receptor antagonist.

ISSN: 1364-8535