Proton pump inhibitors increase the risk for hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile infection in critically ill patients

Table 3 Multivariate analysis of confounding variables associated with Clostridium difficile

Model	Covariates included	OR (95% CI) ^*	P value
1	Long PPI exposure (2 or more days)	2.19 (1.27 – 3.78)	.005
	H2RA use	1.12 (0.70 – 1.79)	.628
	Antibiotic use	2.53 (1.23 – 5.23)	.012
	Immunosuppression	0.79 (0.51 – 1.23)	.297
2	Long PPI exposure (2 or more days)	2.08 (1.26 – 3.43)	.004
	Antibiotic use	2.53 (1.25 – 5.29)	.010
	Immunosuppression	0.79 (0.51 – 1.22)	.282
3	Long PPI exposure (2 or more days)	2.03 (1.23 – 3.36)	.006
3	Antibiotic use	2.52 (1.23 – 5.18)	.012

^*Odds ratios adjusted for study duration. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; PPI, proton pump inhibitor; H2RA, histamine-2-receptor antagonist.

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