Table 1 Causes of drug-induced hyperthermia
From: The pathophysiological basis and consequences of fever
Class | Examples of causes |
|---|---|
Antimicrobial agents | β-lactam antibiotics (piperacillin, cefotaxime) Sulphonamides |
Malignant hyperthermia | Suxamethonium Volatile anaesthetic agents |
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome | Dopamine antagonists (chlorpromazine, haloperidol) Atypical agents (serotonin and dopamine antagonists) (olanzapine, risperidone, paliperidone, aripiprazole, quetiapine) |
Serotonin syndrome | Antidepressants (monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, bupropion) Opioids (tramadol, pethidine, fentanyl, pentazocine, buprenorphine oxycodone, hydrocodone) Central nervous system stimulants (MDMA, amphetamines, sibutramine, methylphenidate, methamphetamine, cocaine) Psychedelics (5-methoxy-diisopropyltryptamine, lysergide) Herbs (St John’s Wort, Syrian rue, Panax ginseng, nutmeg, yohimbine) Others (tryptophan, l-dopa, valproate, buspirone, lithium, linezolid, chlorpheniramine, risperidone, olanzapine, antiemetics (ondansetron, granisetron, metoclopramide), ritonavir, sumatriptan) |
Propofol infusion syndrome | Propofol |
Anticholinergic agents | Anticholinergics (atropine, glycopyrrolate), Antihistamines (chlorpheniramine), Antipsychotics (olanzapine, quetiapine), Antispasmodics (oxybutynin), Cyclic antidepressants (amitriptyline, doxepin) Mydriatics (tropicamide) |
Sympathimometic agents | Prescription drugs (e.g. bronchodilators) Non-prescription drugs (e.g. ephedrine in cold remedies) Illegal street drugs (e.g. cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamine (‘ecstasy’), mephedrone) Dietary supplements (e.g. ephedra alkaloids) |
Piperazine compounds | Anti-emetic (cyclizine) Anti-helminths Legal ‘club drugs’ (‘Legal X’, ‘Legal E’, ‘Frenzy’) |
Synthetic cathinones | Street drugs (mephedrone, ‘meow-meow’) Bupropion (anti-depressant and anti-smoking agent) |