Table 1 Study and clinical characteristics, microbiological findings, and PCT values in included studies

Charles et al. (2006) [25]

Single center (ICU)

Retrospective study

11 patients with candidemia

C. albicans (13)

33 patients with bacteremia

Sepsis as inclusion criteria.

Septic shock:

19 (54.3%) with bacteremia, 8 (53.3%) with candidemia

Severe sepsis:

12 (34.3%) with bacteremia, 7 (46.7%) with candidemia

0.65 [0.08–5.46]

9.75 [1–259.5]

Kryptor

Martini et al. (2010) [26]

Single center (ICU)

Observational prospective study

17 patients with candidemia

C. albicans (6); C. parapsilosis (6); C. glabrata (4); C. tropicalis (3); Candida spp. and bacteria (2)

16 patients with bacteremia

Sepsis as inclusion criteria

0.71 [0.5–1.1]

12.9 [2.6–81.2]

LUMItest

Fu et al. (2012) [27]

Single centre (ICU)

Prospective observational study

23 patients with candidemia

Candida spp.

39 patients with bacteremia

Sepsis as inclusion criteria

1.0 [0.5–7.3]

G− 20.9 [12.4–40.7];

G + 10.0 [2.9–19.7]

E170

Brodskà et al. (2013) [28]

Single center (ICU)

Retrospective study

5 patients with candidemia

Candida spp.

161 patients with bacteremia

Sepsis as inclusion criteria

0.58 [0.35–0.73]

G− 8.90 [1.88–32.60];

G+  0.73 [0.22–3.40]

ECLIA

Held et al. (2013) [29]

Single center (hospitalized patients)

Retrospective case–control study

56 patients with candidemia

C. albicans (32); C. glabrata (11); C. tropicalis (6); C. parapsilosis (4); C. guilliermondii (3)

100 patients with bacteremia

NA

0.80 (NA)

2.36 (NA)

NA

Cortegiani et al. (2014) [30]

Single center (ICU)

Retrospective study

18 patients with candidemia;

31 mixed BSI

C. albicans (13); C. parapsilosis (9); C. glabrata (2); C. krusei (1);

Candida spp. +bacteria (31)

151 cases of bacteremia

Severe sepsis or septic shock as inclusion criteria.

Septic shock:

52 (34.4%) with bacteremia; 9 (29%) with mixed; 7 (31.8%) with Candida; 83 (31.9%) overall

0.99

[0.86–1.34]; Mixed BSI: 4.76

[2.98–6.08]

Bacteremia

16.75 [7.65–50.5]

Kryptor

Leli et al. (2015) [31]

Single center (medical ward)

Prospective observational study

20 patients with candidemia

C. albicans (12); C. lusitaniae (5); C. parapsilosis (3)

562 patients with bacteremia

Sepsis as inclusion criteria

0.5 [0.4–1]

G + 2.1 [0.6–7.6];

G− 13.8 [3.4–44.1]

VIDAS

Miglietta et al. (2015) [32]

Single center (ICU)

Retrospective study

33 patients with candidemia

C. albicans (17); other Candida spp. (16)

70 patients with bacteremia

Sepsis as inclusion criteria

0.55 [0.36–0.9]

10.2 [1.28–25.3]

NA

Oussalah et al. (2015) [33]

Multi-center (67 healthcare departments)

Retrospective cross-sectional study

256 patients with candidemia

NA

2443 patients with bacteremia

NA

1 [0.3–2.7]

G− 2.2 [0.6–12.2];

G+  1.3 [0.3–6.9]

Kryptor

Li et al. (2016) [34]

Single center (hospitalized patients)

Retrospective study

16 cases of candidemia

C. albicans (8); C. parapsilosis (8)

328 cases of bacteremia

Sepsis as inclusion criteria

C. albicans 1.00 [0.30–2.65];

C. parapsilosis 0.73 [0.23–1.60]

G− 7.47 [1.09–41.26];

G+  0.48 [0.15–2.16]

VIDAS

Giacobbe et al. (2017) [35]

Multi-center (3 ICUs)

Retrospective study

73 critically ill adult patients with candidemia

C. albicans (37); C. parapsilosis (23); C. tropicalis (7); C. glabrata (4); C. guilliermondii (1); C. lusitaniae (1)

93 patients with bacteremia

NA

0.76 [NA]

4.32 [NA]

CLIA

Pieralli et al. (2017) [36]

Single center (internal medicine wards)

Retrospective case–control study

64 patients with candidemia

C. albicans (42); C. parapsilosis (16); C. glabrata (8); C. tropicalis (2); C. krusei (1); C. albicans + C. glabrata (3); C. albicans + C. parapsilosis (1); C. parapsilosis + C. krusei (1)

128 patients with bacteremia

Sepsis as inclusion criteria

0.73

[0.26–1.85]

4.48 [1.10–18.26]

VIDAS

Yan et al. (2017) [37]

Single center (ICU and EM department)

Retrospective study

26 cases of candidemia

C. albicans (19); C. parapsilosis (5); C. tropicalis (2)

456 cases of bacteremia

Sepsis as inclusion criteria

C. albicans 1.11

[0.41–2.24];

C. parapsilosis

0.79 [0.40–1.70];

C. tropicalis 5.37 [0.29–10.45]

G− 2.42 [0.38–15.52];

G+  0.49 [0.13–5.89]

VIDAS

Bassetti et al. (2018) [38]

Single center (ICU)

Retrospective case–control study

11 patients with candidemia

Candida spp.

247 patients with positive BC (other than Candida)

Sepsis or septic shock:

46 (43.4%) with G−; 70 (49.6%) with G+; 5 (45.4%) with Candida

2.1 ± 1.8

G− 25.1 ± 19.9;

G+  29.9 ± 13.2

NA

Murri et al. (2018) [39]

Single centre (hospitalized patients)

Retrospective cohort study

83 patients with candidemia

Candida spp. (59); mixed (G + and Candida spp.) (24)

263 patients with bacteremia

Sepsis as inclusion criteria

1.07 (5.9) alone;

mixed with G− 0.1 (± 0.1); mixed

with G+

3.1 (±12.2)

G− 12.2 (±28.6);

G+  3.4 (±16.6)

ADVIA Centaur

Thomas-Ruddel et al. (2018) [40]

Multi-center (ICUs)

Secondary analysis of a cluster randomized trial

65 patients with candidemia

C. albicans (57); Candida other spp. (37)

815 patients with G− bacteremia; 948 with G+ bacteremia

Sepsis with organ dysfunction as inclusion criteria;

Septic shock:

1137 (57.3%) with positive BCs; 2714 (55.9%) overall

4.7 [2–14]

G− 26 ng/ml [7.7–63.1];

G+  7.1 ng/ml [2.0–23.3]

NA