Table 1 Demographic, comorbidities, epidemiological characteristics, and clinical and laboratory findings of patients with confirmed COVID-19 at admission
From: SARS-CoV-2 viral load in sputum correlates with risk of COVID-19 progression
Variables | Total (n = 92) | Mild-moderate at admission | Severe at admission (n = 30) | P value* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Persistent mild-moderate during hospitalization (n = 51) | Mild-moderate to severe during hospitalization (n = 11) | P value# | Total (n = 62) | ||||
Demographic data | |||||||
 Age (years) | 55 ± 16 | 49 ± 13 | 59 ± 17 | 0.032 | 51 ± 15 | 63 ± 16 | 0.001 |
 Sex | |||||||
  Male | 57 (62%) | 26 (51%) | 8 (72.7%) |  | 34 (54.8%) | 23 (76.7%) |  |
  Female | 35 (38%) | 25 (49%) | 3 (27.3%) | 0.189 | 28 (45.2%) | 7 (23.3%) | 0.043 |
 Occupation | |||||||
  Agricultural worker | 45 (48.9%) | 25 (49%) | 7 (63.6%) |  | 32 (51.6%) | 13 (43.3%) |  |
  Self-employed | 21 (22.8%) | 15 (29.4%) | 2 (18.7%) |  | 17 (27.4%) | 4 (13.3%) |  |
  Employee | 8 (8.7%) | 5 (9.8%) | 0 (0%) |  | 5 (8.1%) | 3 (10%) |  |
  Retired | 17 (18.5%) | 5 (9.8%) | 2 (18.2%) |  | 7 (11.3%) | 10 (33.3%) |  |
  Students | 1 (1.1%) | 1 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 0.669 | 1 (1.6%) | 0 (0%) | 0.082 |
 Smoking history | |||||||
  Yes | 16 (17.4%) | 7 (13.7%) | 3 (27.3%) |  | 17 (27.4%) | 6 (20%) |  |
  No | 76 (82.6%) | 44 (86.3%) | 8 (72.7%) | 0.268 | 45 (72.6%) | 24 (80%) | 0.441 |
Comorbidities | |||||||
 Hypertension | 33 (35.9%) | 10 (19.6%) | 7 (63.6%) | 0.003 | 17 (27.4%) | 16 (53.3%) | 0.016 |
 Diabetes | 9 (9.8%) | 1 (2%) | 2 (18.2%) | 0.024 | 3 (4.8%) | 6 (20%) | 0.022 |
 Cardiovascular disease | 8 (8.7%) | 2 (3.9%) | 1 (9.1%) | 0.472 | 3 (4.8%) | 5 (16.7%) | 0.060 |
 Chronic liver diseases | 4 (4.3%) | 2 (3.9%) | 1 (9.1%) | 0.472 | 3 (4.8%) | 1 (3.3%) | 0.741 |
 Chronic renal diseases | 3 (3.3%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (9.1%) | 0.031 | 1 (1.6%) | 2 (6.7%) | 0.203 |
 Others | 6 (6.5%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (18.2%) | 0.002 | 2 (3.2%) | 4 (13.3%) | 0.067 |
Epidemiological characteristics | |||||||
 Exposure to confirmed cases | 46 (50%) | 30 (58.8%) | 5 (45.5%) | 0.421 | 35 (56.5%) | 11 (36.7%) | 0.077 |
 Family cluster | 27 (29.3%) | 15 (29.4%) | 4 (36.4%) | 0.653 | 19 (30.6%) | 8 (26.7%) | 0.696 |
 Recent travel or residence to/in epidemic area | 25 (27.2%) | 11 (21.6%) | 4 (36.4%) | 0.303 | 15 (24.2%) | 10 (33.3%) | 0.358 |
Signs and symptoms | |||||||
 Fever | 84 (91.3%) | 45 (88.2%) | 11 (100%) | 0.235 | 56 (90.3%) | 28 (93.3%) | 0.633 |
 Cough | 58 (63%) | 32 (62.7%) | 7 (63.6%) | 0.956 | 39 (62.9%) | 13 (43.3%) | 0.968 |
 Fatigue | 6 (6.5%) | 1 (2%) | 2 (18.2%) | 0.024 | 3 (4.8%) | 3 (10%) | 0.350 |
 Diarrhea | 7 (7.6%) | 1 (2%) | 1 (9.1%) | 0.229 | 2 (3.2%) | 5 (16.7%) | 0.023 |
 Nausea and vomiting | 4 (4.3%) | 3 (5.9%) | 1 (9.1%) | 0.697 | 4 (6.5%) | 0 (0%) | 0.157 |
 Shortness of breath | 25 (27.2%) | 2 (3.9%) | 4 (36.4%) | 0.001 | 6 (9.7%) | 19 (63.3%) | < 0.001 |
 Time to admission | 3 (4) | 4 (3) | 1 (4) | 0.011 | 4 (4) | 1 (4) | 0.211 |
 Time to confirmed diagnosis | 5 (5) | 5 (4) | 4 (4) | 0.160 | 5 (4) | 3 (6) | 0.239 |
Laboratory parameters | |||||||
 WBC | 6.5 (5.9) | 5.2 (4.1) | 7.5 ± 3.4 | 0.188 | 5.4 (4.5) | 10.8 ± 5.6 | < 0.001 |
 Lymphocyte | 0.8 (0.6) | 0.97 ± 0.47 | 0.7 (0.4) | 0.147 | 0.9 (0.7) | 0.5 (0.5) | 0.001 |
 Platelet | 191 (76) | 193 (83) | 170 ± 56 | 0.159 | 192 (84) | 191 ± 45 | 0.851 |
 CRP | 27 (37) | 13 (27) | 37 ± 27 | 0.036 | 16 (30) | 39 (29) | < 0.001 |
 ALT | 23 (22) | 23 (24) | 17 (15) | 0.338 | 22 (23) | 23 (16) | 0.723 |
 AST | 22 (16) | 21 (12) | 21 (18) | 1.000 | 21 (12) | 26 (23) | 0.236 |
 Cr | 75 (25) | 71 ± 26 | 84 (39) | 0.054 | 73 (28) | 84 (33) | 0.019 |
 INR | 0.98 (0.09) | 0.97 ± 0.08 | 0.97 (0.04) | 0.507 | 0.97 ± 0.06 | 1.01 ± 0.09 | 0.050 |
 Bilirubin | 10.8 (6.0) | 12.2 (5.0) | 10.0 (6.0) | 0.912 | 10.6 (5.0) | 12.6 (9.0) | 0.097 |
 LDH | 281 ± 105 | 227 (103) | 279 ± 101 | 0.376 | 229 (113) | 339 (121) | < 0.001 |
 CK | 70 (76) | 63 (61) | 76 (60) | 0.495 | 64 (58) | 97 (172) | 0.011 |
 Urea nitrogen | 5.3 (3.7) | 4.4 (1.7) | 6.8 (6.9) | < 0.001 | 4.6 (2.2) | 7.7 (4.2) | < 0.001 |
 CT scan | |||||||
  Normal | 3 (3.3%) | 3 (5.9%) | 0 (0%) |  | 3 (4.8%) | 0 (0%) |  |
  Local lesion | 5 (5.4%) | 4 (7.8%) | 0 (0%) |  | 4 (6.5%) | 1 (3.3%) |  |
  Multi-lesions | 84 (91.3%) | 44 (86.3%) | 11 (100%) | 1.000 | 55 (88.7%) | 29 (96.7%) | 1.000 |
 ICU admission | 27 (29.3%) | 0 (0%) | 8 (72.7%) | < 0.001 | 8 (12.9%) | 19 (63.3%) | < 0.001 |