All patients (n = 1168) | During ECMO tracheostomy (n = 353) | After ECMO tracheostomy (n = 177) | No tracheostomy (n = 638) | P | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 48 ± 16 | 48 ± 15 | 48 ± 15 | 48 ± 16 | 0.77 |
Male sex | 894 (76) | 274 (78) | 129 (73) | 491 (77) | 0.48 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 30 ± 9 | 30 ± 9 | 31 ± 8 | 30 ± 9 | 0.20 |
Chronic respiratory disease a | 162 (14) | 90 (25) | 34 (19) | 38 (6)#* | < 0.01 |
Immunodeficiency | 177 (15) | 77 (22) | 34 (19) | 66 (10)#* | < 0.01 |
SAPS II score | 51 ± 18 | 50 ± 16 | 47 ± 17 | 53 ± 20* | 0.01 |
SOFA at cannulation | 10.5 ± 3.2 | 9.9 ± 2.8 | 10.1 ± 3.1 | 10.8 ± 3.4#* | < 0.01 |
RESP score | 3.2 ± 2.9 | 2.8 ± 3.0 | 3.6 ± 2.8 | 3.2 ± 2.9 | 0.02 |
ARDS risk factor | < 0.01 | ||||
Bacterial pneumonia | 564 (48) | 177 (50) | 68 (38) | 319 (50) | |
Viral pneumonia | 195 (17) | 69 (19) | 49 (28) | 77 (12) | |
Pancreatitis | 10 (1) | 1 (0) | 6 (3) | 3 (0.5) | |
Others | 399 (44) | 106 (31) | 54 (31) | 239 (38) | |
Post-operative ARDS (< 7 days) | 245 (21) | 77 (22) | 61 (34)# | 107 (17) * | < 0.01 |
Pre-ECMO ventilatory mechanic | |||||
Respiratory rate, breaths/min | 25 ± 7 | 26 ± 7 | 25 ± 8 | 25 ± 7 | 0.02 |
Static compliance, ml/cmH2O | 26 ± 12 | 25 ± 12 | 26 ± 12 | 26 ± 12 | 0.22 |
Pre-ECMO cardiac arrest | 153 (13) | 36 (10) | 21 (12) | 96 (15) | 0.09 |
Pre-ECMO pneumothorax | 96 (8) | 49 (14) | 26 (14) | 21 (3)#* | < 0.01 |
Interval MV–ECMO, days | 2 (1–6) | 3 (1–7) | 1 (1–4) | 2 (1–6) | < 0.01 |
Venovenous-ECMO | 1165 (100) | 352 (100) | 176(100) | 637 (100) | 0.38 |
Femoral–jugular | 997 (85) | 293 (83) | 151 (85) | 553 (87) | |
Femoral–femoral | 50 (4) | 17 (5) | 12 (7) | 21 (3) | |
Dual lumen cannula | 121 (10) | 43 (12) | 14 (8) | 64 (10) | |
Pre-ECMO blood gases | |||||
pH | 7.23 ± 0.14 | 7.24 ± 0.13 | 7.23 ± 0.15 | 7.22 ± 0.14 | 0.16 |
PaCO2, mmHg | 66 ± 26 | 68 ± 29 | 63 ± 24 | 65 ± 25 | 0.15 |
Arterial lactate, mmol/L | 3.7 ± 3.7 | 2.9 ± 2.9 | 3.3 ± 3.0 | 4.1 ± 4.2# | < 0.01 |
PaO2/FiO2, mmHg | 72 ± 37 | 70 ± 32 | 70 ± 37 | 74 ± 40 | 0.35 |
Outcomes in ICU | |||||
Renal replacement therapy | 461 (39) | 177 (50) | 99 (56) | 185 (29)#* | < 0.01 |
ECMO duration, days | 9 (5–16) | 19 (11–30) | 9 (6–13)# | 7 (4–11)#* | < 0.01 |
Mechanical ventilation duration, days | 20 (11–34) | 34 (22–49) | 28 (21–38)# | 13 (7–20)#* | < 0.01 |
ICU LOS, days | 25 (14–39) | 37 (26–53) | 36 (27–47) | 16 (10–25)#* | < 0.01 |
Hospital LOS, days | 31 (18–49) | 44 (31–64) | 44 (32–58) | 21 (13–35)#* | < 0.01 |
Alive at hospital discharge | 746 (64) | 238 (67) | 154 (87)# | 354 (55)#* | < 0.01 |