All patients n = 270 | Seawater patients n = 199 | Freshwater patients n = 71 | p value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline characteristics | ||||
Age (years) | 68 (54–75) | 69 (59–77) | 58 (35–69) | < 0.0001 |
Male sex | 161 (59.6) | 112 (56.3) | 49 (69) | 0.08 |
At least one psychiatric comorbidity | 72 (26.7%) | 38 (19.1) | 34 (47.9) | < 0.0001 |
Obesity | 38 (16.7) | 27 (13.6) | 11 (15.5) | 0.3 |
Alcoholism | 42 (15.6) | 24 (12.1) | 18 (25.3) | 0.01 |
Cardiovascular disease | 29 (10.7) | 20 (10) | 9 (12.7) | 0.51 |
Respiratory disease | 19 (7.0) | 9 (4.5) | 10 (14.1) | 0.29 |
Etiology Drug or alcohol intoxication Suicide attempt Presumed cardiac Presumed neurologic Accident | 30 (11.7) 26 (10.1) 48 (18.7) 15 (5.8) 151 (55.9) | 18 (9.6) 8 (4.2) 43 (23) 9 (4.8) 121 (60.8) | 12 (17.1) 18 (25.7) 5 (7.1) 6 (8.5) 30 (42.2) | 0.11 < 0.0001 0.006 0.23 0.01 |
Season Spring Summer Autumn Winter | 51 (18.9) 185 (68.5) 8 (3) 26 (9.6) | 27 (13.6) 158 (79.4) 4 (2) 10 (5) | 24 (33.8) 27 (38) 4 (5.6) 16 (22.5) | 0.0004 < 0.0001 0.21 < 0.0001 |
Scene information | ||||
Loss of consciousness | 198 (73.3) | 139 (69.8) | 59 (83.1) | 0.04 |
CGS < 13 | 129 (47.8) | 81 (40.7) | 48 (87.3) | 0.0002 |
Event witnessed | 185 (68.5) | 146 (73.4) | 39 (54.9) | 0.006 |
Cardiac arrest | 103 (38.1) | 67 (33.7) | 36 (50.7) | 0.017 |
Resuscitation before EMS | 88 (85.4) | 61 (91.0) | 27 (75.0) | 0.03 |
EMS called | 261 (96.7) | 192 (96.5) | 69 (97.8) | 0.99 |
CPR duration | 17.5 (5–30) | 15 (5–30) | 25 (11–37) | 0.037 |
Clinical and laboratory findings at ICU admission | ||||
Temperature (°C) | 35.4 (33.5–36.6) | 35.5 (34–36.6) | 34.5 (31.5–36.4) | 0.0096 |
Leukocyte count (109/L) | 11.3 (8.4–16.1) | 11.7 (8.8–16.1) | 10.2 (7.2–15.8) | 0.17 |
PaO2/FIO2 (mm Hg/%) | 142 (93–221) | 141 (93–206) | 162 (95–271) | 0.24 |
PaCO2 (mmHg) | 43 (38–51) | 43 (38–50) | 45 (39–55) | 0.044 |
Sodium (mmol/L) | 143 (138–147) | 145 (141–148) | 136 (132–140) | < 0.0001 |
Invasive MV at day 1 | 105 (38.9) | 62 (32.2) | 43 (60.6) | < 0.0001 |
SAPS II at day 1 | 36 (26–63) | 34 (26–55) | 52 (28–74) | 0.0026 |
SOFA at day 1 | 3 (2–8) | 2 (1–6) | 7 (3–12) | < 0.0001 |
Clinical course and ICU management | ||||
Duration of mechanical ventilation (days) | 3 (2–6) | 4 (2–6) | 2 (2–5) | 0.26 |
ARDS | 102 (37.8) | 59 (29.6) | 43 (60.6) | < 0.0001 |
ARDS severity Mild Moderate Severe | 10 (3.7) 44 (16.2) 48 (17.8) | 6 (3) 25 (12.6) 28 (14.1) | 4 (5.6) 19 (26.8) 20 (28.2) | > 0.99 |
Neuromuscular blockers | 55 (20.4) | 32 (16.1) | 23 (32.4) | 0.0058 |
Prone positioning ventilation | 21 (7.8) | 14 (7) | 7 (9.9) | 0.44 |
Need for vasopressors | 80 (29.6) | 47 (23.6) | 33 (46.5) | 0.0005 |
AKI | 58 (21.5) | 30 (15.1) | 28 (39.4) | < 0.0001 |
RRT use | 9 (3.3) | 5 (2.5) | 4 (5.6) | 0.25 |
Presumed pneumonia | 107 (39.8) | 75 (37.7) | 32 (45.1) | 0.36 |
ICU length of stay (days) | 2 (1–4) | 2 (1–4) | 3 (2–7) | 0.14 |
CPC score at hospital discharge | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–1) | 1 (1–5) | 0.0002 |
Day-28 mortality | 55 (20.4) | 29 (14.6) | 26 (36.6) | 0.00015 |