Table 1 Studies about the effect of opioids on gastric emptying in the ICU
From: The effect of opioids on gastrointestinal function in the ICU
Clinical trials | Study design | Population | Group | Study goal | Results | Type of opioids in the studies | The effect of opioids |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
McArthur et al. [38] | RCT | 21 brain injured patients | M&M group (n = 11) vs propofol group (n = 10) | To compare the effect of opioids and nonopioid sedation on gastric emptying | Gastric emptying was no difference in brain injured patients between two groups | Morphine | Gastric emptying was not improved by avoiding morphine |
Heyland et al. [32] | PCS | 84 individuals | Mechanically ventilated patients (n = 72) vs healthy volunteers (n = 12) | To investigate variables that associated with impaired gastric emptying | Variables included age, sex and use of opioids | Morphine and morphine equivalent | Use of opioids and dose of opioids were associated with impaired gastric emptying |
Bosscha et al. [36] | POS | 16 individuals in Surgical ICU | Mechanically ventilated patients (n = 7) vs healthy volunteers (n = 9) | To determine the GI motility characteristics that associated with gastric intention | Morphine administration affected antroduodenal motility | Morphine | Opioids impaired the GI motility in mechanically ventilated patients |
Mentec et al. [35] | POS | 153 patients with nasogastric tube feeding | Normal GAV (n = 104) vs increased GAV (n = 49) | To investigate risk factors for increased GAV and UDI and complications | Risk factors: sedation, catecholamines Complications: higher incidence of pneumonia, longer ICU stay, higher mortality | Fentanyl | Opioids were risk factors for increased GAV |
Nguyen et al. [37] | Descriptive study | 36 individuals in mixed medical and surgical ICU | M&M group (n = 20) vs propofol group (n = 16) | To evaluate the effects of sedation with M&M vs propofol on gastric emptying | Patients receiving M&M had more impaired gastric emptying | Morphine | M&M inhibited gastric emptying |
Berger et al. [82] | PS | 105 patients in surgical ICU | NA | To assess the rate of the migration of the self-propelled feeding tube in the ICU patients | Self reported tubes can be considered as a promising tool to facilitate enteral nutrition | Morphine and fentanyl | Morphine was associated with lower progression rates |
Chapman et al. [83] | POS | 39 patients in the mixed medical and surgical ICU | Mechanically ventilated patients (n = 25) vs healthy volunteers (n = 14) | To explore the prevalence of delayed GE in the ICU and the relationships between scintigraphy and carbon breath test in the GE measurement | GE occurred in approximately 50% of critically ill patients, breath tests and scintigraphy both were valid method of GE measurement | Morphine | Administration of morphine was not associated with delayed GE |