Table 1 Baseline characteristics at intensive care unit admission and at the time point of intubation
Overall | No ketamine infusion | Ketamine infusion | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
n | 243 | 73 | 170 | |
Characteristics at intensive care unit admission | ||||
Age, years | 64 [55–70] | 66 [57–72] | 62 [54–68] | 0.066 |
Sex, male | 164 (67) | 52 (71) | 112 (66) | 0.505 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 28 [25–32] | 28 [24–31] | 28 [25–33] | 0.273 |
Time from symptoms until hospital admission, days | 6 [2–9] | 4 [0–10] | 6 [2–9] | 0.508 |
Time from hospital admission until ICU admission, days | 2 [0–7] | 2.0 [0–6] | 2 [0–7] | 0.556 |
SAPS II score at ICU admission | 55 [44–64] | 54 [43–66] | 55 [44–63] | 0.806 |
APACHE II score at ICU admission | 24 [21–28] | 24 [21–28] | 24 [21–28] | 0.483 |
SOFA score at ICU admission | 12 [9–14] | 12 [9–14] | 13 [9–14] | 0.240 |
Comorbidities | ||||
Arterial hypertension | 69 (28) | 21 (29) | 48 (28) | 1.000 |
Diabetes mellitus | 55 (23) | 15 (21) | 40 (24) | 0.732 |
Ischemic heart disease | 30 (12) | 9 (12) | 21 (12) | 1.000 |
Chronic heart failure | 13 (5) | 5 (7) | 8 (5) | 0.712 |
Chronic kidney disease (moderate to severe) | 33 (14) | 12 (16) | 21 (12) | 0.517 |
Chronic liver disease (mild) | 2 (1) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 1.000 |
Chronic liver disease (moderate to severe) | 8 (3) | 4 (5) | 4 (2) | 0.390 |
Immunosuppression | 19 (8) | 7 (10) | 12 (7) | 0.680 |
Characteristics at the time point of intubation | ||||
Time from ICU admission until intubation, days | 0 [0–1] | 0 [0–0] | 0 [0–1] | 0.950 |
SOFA score at intubation | 13 [11–15] | 12 [11–14] | 14 [12–15] | 0.003 |
PaO2/FiO2 Ratio, mmHg | 146 [104–193] | 168 [116–229] | 140 [97–176] | < 0.001 |
Static respiratory system compliance, ml/cmH2O | 34 [24–45] | 35 [29–50] | 33 [22–43] | 0.088 |
Norepinephrine dose, μg/kg/min | 0.1 [0.0–0.2] | 0.1 [0.0–0.2] | 0.1 [0.0–0.2] | 0.460 |
Arterial lactate, mmol/l | 1.4 [1.0–1.9] | 1.4 [1.0–2.1] | 1.3 [1.0–1.8] | 0.391 |
Leucocyte count, 109/l | 11.2 [7.9–15.7] | 10.9 [7.3–15.5] | 11.4 [8.0–15.8] | 0.536 |
Neutrophil count, 109/l | 9.2 [56.3–13.6] | 8.9 [5.8–13.0] | 9.4 [6.4–13.9] | 0.416 |
Lymphocyte count, 109/l | 1.8 [1.2–2.6] | 1.8 [1.2–2.7] | 1.7 [1.2–2.6] | 0.591 |
Thrombocyte count, 109/l | 238 [178–309] | 240 [178–310] | 235 [178–305] | 0.932 |
C-reactive protein, mg/l | 121 [59–213] | 83.0 [42–187] | 135 [66–234] | 0.012 |
Procalcitonin, μg/l | 0.5 [0.2–2.1] | 0.7 [0.2–3.4] | 0.5 [0.3–1.8] | 0.159 |
Interleukin-6, ng/l | 314 [170–861] | 458 [251–1002] | 268 [164–775] | 0.066 |
D-dimer, mg/l | 2530 [1150–5450] | 2233 [1038–6508] | 2540 [1180–4660] | 0.947 |
Creatinine, μmol/l | 85 [64–123] | 83 [63–121] | 85 [64–129] | 0.900 |
Aspartate aminotransferase, U/l | 49 [33–84] | 45 [31–67] | 51 [35–89] | 0.117 |
Alanine aminotransferase, U/l | 41 [26–71] | 33 [21–67] | 43 [29–72] | 0.058 |
Gamma-glutamyltransferase, U/l | 98 [49–234] | 67 [35–114] | 121 [56–273] | < 0.001 |
Alkaline phosphatase, U/l | 80 [62–116] | 73 [58–107] | 85 [63–120] | 0.155 |
Bilirubin (total), μmol/l | 5 [3–7] | 5 [4–7] | 4 [3–6] | 0.195 |
International normalized ratio | 1.0 [1.0–1.1] | 1.1 [1.0–1.1] | 1.0 [1.0–1.1] | < 0.001 |
Characteristics of ketamine infusion | ||||
Time from intubation until ketamine infusion, days | 0 [0–2] | – | 0 [0–2] | < 0.001 |
Duration of ketamine infusion, days | 5 [0–13] | 0 [0–0] | 9 [4–18] | < 0.001 |
Dose of ketamine infusion, mg/kg/h | 1.0 [0.0–1.7] | 0 [0–0] | 1.4 [0.9–2.0] | < 0.001 |