Fig. 5
From: Bedside assessment of left atrial pressure in critical care: a multifaceted gem
ASE/EACVI algorithms for estimating LAP in those with  reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) of < 50% (or normal EF with the presence of structural disease). Left panel, demonstrates where E/A ratio and E velocity, or E/A alone can differentiate normal versus elevated LAP in those with grade 1 and grade 3 diastolic dysfunction, respectively. Right panel, demonstrates a patient where 3 further criteria are required to decide if there is raised LAP: E/e′, TR Velocity and LA volume index (LAVI) showing a patient with grade 2 diastolic dysfunction and raised LAP