Table 2 Univariable comparisons of primary and secondary and outcomes (n = 762)

Persistent seizure termination

327

93.4

395

95.9

0.131

Return to premorbid neurologic function at discharge

150

42.9

202

49.0

0.089

In-hospital death

29

8.3

26

6.3

0.294

Death at 30 days follow-up (loss to follow-up 107 [14%])

42

12.0

36

8.7

0.085

Treatment characteristics during SE

Admitted via emergency medical services with SE (n, % of patients with out-of-hospital SE)

221

75.7

274

77.2

0.361

Seizures suspected by emergency medical services (n, % of cases admitted via emergency teams)

76

34.4

99

36.1

0.706

SE suspected by emergency medical services (n, % of cases admitted via emergency teams)

82

37.1

104

38.0

0.853

Time from alarm to hospital admission via emergency

medical services (minutes; median, IQR)

52

39–67

50

37–71

0.656

Duration of in-hospital treatment (days; median, IQR)

11

6–18

10

5–18

0.124

ICU treatment (n, %)

185

52.9

237

57.5

0.197

Duration of ICU treatment (days; median, IQR)

3

2–8

3

2–6

0.780

Mechanical ventilation (n, %)

107

30.6

173

42.0

0.001

Duration of mechanical ventilation (days; median, IQR)

3

2–8

2

0.5–4

0.094

Number of non-anesthetic antiseizure drugs (median, IQR)

3

2–3

2

2–3

0.572

Patients with benzodiazepines as first-line antiseizure drug (n, %)

265

77.3

317

77.5

0.936

Patients with second-line antiseizure drugs (n, %)

287

83.7

327

80.0

0.189

Patients with continuous anesthetic drugs (n, %)

89

25.4

157

38.1

 < 0.001

Duration of continuous anesthetics (hours; median, IQR)

30.0

12–112

18.0

7–48

0.036

Overall SE duration (days)

1

0.5–2

0.5

0.5–1

0.011

Treatment refractory SE (n, %)

129

36.9

150

36.4

0.898

Treatment characteristics during RSE

Patients with continuous anesthetic drugs (n, %)

66

51.2

108

72.0

 ≤ 0.001

Duration of continuous anesthetics (hours; median, IQR)

35.8

12–114.5

21.6

10–66.1

0.288

Mechanical ventilation (n, %)

64

49.6

105

97.2

0.001

Duration of mechanical ventilation (days; median, IQR)

3

2–10

2

2–9

0.433

Complications during SE (n, %)

Infections/sepsis

50

14.3

70

17.2

0.281

Arterial hypotension requiring vasopressors

55

15.7

69

16.8

0.700

Multiorgan failure

24

6.9

37

9.0

0.282

Care withdrawal (n, %)

Care withdrawal

47

13.4

45

10.9

0.290

Withdrawal due to presumed poor prognosis

38

10.9

30

7.3

0.308

Withdrawal following patient directives

8

2.3

15

3.6

0.297

Transfer at discharge (n, %)

Home

104

29.7

180

43.7

 < 0.001

Rehab

90

25.7

102

24.8

0.802

Other hospital

67

19.1

63

15.3

0.176

Nursing home or hospice

60

17.1

41

10.0

0.004