Table 1 Patient characteristics at the time of ECMO cannulation
Characteristics | Missing data Infected/not infected | ECMO-associated infection (n = 214) | No ECMO-associated infection (n = 388) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Epidemic waves | 0/0 | 0.028 | ||
First epidemic wave | 149 (69.6) | 303 (72.1) | ||
Subsequent epidemic waves (vs first) | 65 (30.4) | 85 (21.9) | ||
Age—years | 0/0 | 56 [48–62] | 54 [45–61] | 0.064 |
Male sex | 0/0 | 160 (74.8) | 307 (79.1) | 0.261 |
Body mass index – kg/m2 | 4/18 | 30.85 [27.02–34.77] | 29.65 [26.50–34] | 0.181 |
Comorbidities | ||||
Chronic hypertension | 0/0 | 90 (42.1) | 144 (37.1) | 0.270 |
Diabetes | 0/4 | 61 (28.5) | 118 (30.7) | 0.634 |
Chronic respiratory failure | 0/0 | 7 (3.3) | 12 (3.1) | 1.000 |
Chronic cardiac failure | 0/48 | 3 (1.4) | 9 (3.4) | 0.241 |
Chronic kidney disease | 0/121 | 9 (4.2) | 12 (4.5) | 1.000 |
Onco-hematological malignancy | 0/124 | 5 (2.3) | 7 (2.7) | 1.000 |
Clinical, condition and management before cannulation | ||||
Center case-volume | 0/0 | < 0.001 | ||
High | 141 (65.9) | 320 (82.5) | ||
Intermediate | 56 (26.2) | 51 (13.1) | ||
Low | 17 (7.9) | 17 (4.4) | ||
Referral center | 0/6 | 117 (54.7) | 218 (56.2) | 0.786 |
Mobile ECMO team, transfer to referral center | 1/15 | 49 (22.9) | 130 (34.0) | 0.006 |
Simplified acute physiology score II | 0/0 | 39 [29–53] | 32 [24–49] | < 0.001 |
Lowest PaO2/FiO2 – mmHg | 10/25 | 61.50 [53–78.25] | 64 [54–77] | 0.781 |
Treatment before cannulation | ||||
Steroids | 0/123 | 16 (7.5) | 18 (6.8) | 0.912 |
Neuromuscular blocking agent | 1/4 | 204 (95.8) | 361 (94.0) | 0.467 |
Prone positioning | 1/2 | 197 (92.5) | 344 (89.1) | 0.234 |
Noninvasive ventilation | 2/3 | 72 (34.0) | 113 (29.4) | 0.283 |
High-flow oxygen therapy | 3/121 | 108 (51.2) | 132 (49.4) | 0.774 |
Antibiotic | 0/125 | 194 (90.7) | 238 (90.5) | 1.000 |
Penicillin | 41 (19.2) | 71 (27.0) | 0.057 | |
Cephalosporin | 158 (73.8) | 178 (67.7) | 0.173 | |
Macrolides | 106 (49.5) | 125 (47.5) | 0.731 | |
Therapeutic anticoagulation | 4/129 | 102 (48.6) | 104 (40.2) | 0.083 |
Selective digestive decontamination | 0/0 | 6 (2.8) | 9 (2.3) | 0.927 |
Characteristics at ECMO cannulation | ||||
Delay from intubation to cannulation – days | 4/8 | 5 [2–8] | 5 [3–8] | 0.577 |
Veno-arterial ECMO (vs Veno-Venous) | 0/0 | 12 (5.6) | 40 (10.3) | 0.050 |
Cannulation site | 0/0 | 0.946 | ||
Both superior and inferior vena cava | 184 (86.0) | 330 (85.1) | ||
Only inferior vena cava | 24 (11.2) | 45 (11.6) | ||
Only superior vena cava | 3 (1.4) | 5 (1.3) | ||
Others/unknown | 3 (1.4) | 8 (2.1) | ||
PaO2/FiO2 – mmHg | 10/19 | 68 [59–85] | 67 [55–85] | 0.325 |
SOFA score | 0/0 | 8 [5–11] | 10 [8–12] | < 0.001 |
Norepinephrine | 4/130 | 117 (55.7) | 165 (64.0) | 0.086 |
Renal Replacement Therapy | 0/8 | 23 (10.7) | 48 (12.6) | 0.584 |
Platelet count – G/L | 11/134 | 257 [195–361 ] | 251 [174–331] | 0.080 |
Leucocyte count – G/L | 11/29 | 9.60 [5.30–14] | 9.50 [2.15–15.10] | 0.757 |
Lymphocyte count – G/L | 52/100 | 0.43 [0.09–0.89] | 0.41 [0.11–0.86] | 0.874 |